Magnesium is a cofactor in more than 300 enzyme systems that regulate diverse biochemical reactions in the body, including protein synthesis, muscle and nerve function, blood glucose control, and blood pressure regulation. It is required for energy production, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis. It contributes to the structural development of bone and is required for the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and the antioxidant glutathione. It also plays a role in the active transport of calcium and potassium ions across cell membranes, a process that is important to nerve impulse conduction, muscle contraction, and normal heart rhythm.Good food sources of magnesium include unrefined (whole) grains, spinach, nuts, legumes, and white potatoes (tubers).
Magnesium is the ninth most abundant element in the universe, the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and and the fourth most common element in the Earth (after iron, oxygen and silicon), making up 13% of the planet's mass and a large fraction of the planet's mantle. It is the third most abundant element dissolved in seawater, after sodium and chlorine. Magnesium is the eleventh most abundant element by mass in the human body.
In 1618, a farmer at Epsom in England attempted to give his cows water from a well there. The cows refused to drink because of the water's bitter taste, but the farmer noticed that the water seemed to heal scratches and rashes. The substance became known as Epsom salts and its fame spread. It was eventually recognized as hydrated magnesium sulfate. Joseph Black studied the properties of magnesia alba (magnesium carbonate) that led to his discovery of what he called "fixed air": carbon dioxide. In 1755, he became the first person to recognise magnesium as an element. The metal itself was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in England in 1808.The name magnesium originates from the Greek word for a district in Thessaly called Magnesia. It is related to magnetite and manganese, which also originated from this area, and required differentiation as separate substances.
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1.Stella Lucia Volpe. Magnesium in Disease Prevention and Overall Health.Adv Nutr. 2013 May; 4(3): 378S–383S.
2.Gerry K. Schwalfenbergcorresponding author 1 and Stephen J. Genuis.The Importance of Magnesium in Clinical Healthcare.Scientifica (Cairo). 2017; 2017: 4179326.
3.Uwe Gröber, Joachim Schmidt, and Klaus Kisters. Magnesium in Prevention and Therapy. Nutrients. 2015 Sep; 7(9): 8199–8226.
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